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An Annotated Bibliography Brian Sarwer-Foner  Qualitative Research -
GeneralDenzin, Norman K., and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 641 pp. McGill (MCL): H62 H2455 1994. Very comprehensive volume (a two hand book) including contributions from over 30 authors. Thirty six chapters divided between 5 parts: Locating in The Field; Major Paradigms and Perspectives; Strategies of Inquiry; Methods; Interpretation, Evaluation, and Presentation; and The Future of Qualitative Research. Janesick, Valerie J. 1994. “The Dance of Qualitative Research Design.” Pages 209-219 in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H62 H2455 1994. Interesting work using dance as a metaphor for research processes. Framework given for qualitative research design as choreography, with design decisions following dancer’s 3 stages of warm-up, exercises, and cool-down. Kirk, Jerome, and Marc L. Miller. 1986. Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research (Sage University Paper Series on Qualitative Research Methods, Vol. 1). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications. 85 pp. McGill(MCL): GN346.4 K59 1986. Philosophical examination of the subject matter, as well as practical guidelines. Argument that qualitative research must be objective. Useful description of ethnographic decision making model in four phases: invention (design), discovery (data gathering), interpretation (analysis), and explanation (documentation). Lincoln, Yvonna S., and Norman K. Denzin. 1994. “The Fifth Movement.” Pages 575-586 in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H62 H2455 1994. Utopian vision of the future of qualitative research. Lofland, John. 1971. Analyzing Social Settings. Belmont CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. 136 pp. McGill (MCL): HM48 L63. Excellent and practical “how to” guide designed to help novices to perform qualitative observation, interviewing and analysis. Very well written and easy to follow. Represents only one style of doing research, however, but it is made clear that there are many others that are equally effective; the reader is invited to take what is useful and to ignore that which is not. Morse, Janice M. 1994. “Designing Funded Qualitative Research.” Pages 220-235 in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H62 H2455 1994. Practical description of techniques for designing and conducting qualitative research projects from beginning to end. Very useful advice on problem avoidance and tips on presenting funding proposals in a convincing manner. Qualitative Research -
Specific Tools & MethodsBrown, Alan, and Frank Heller. 1981. “Usefulness of Group Feedback Analysis as a Research Method: Its Application to a Questionnaire Study.” Human Relations, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 141-156. Emphasis that group feedback analysis is used for large surveys and not usually performed with small groups or for research purposes. Analysis of the practice in two case studies leads to conclusions that group feedback analysis can play a useful role in result validation, being a catalyst to deep understanding, and providing opportunities for mutual learning. Ckeckland, Peter. 1981. Systems Thinking, Systems Practice. Chilchester, UK: John Wiley & Sons. 329 pp. McGill (PSEAL): Q295 C45. Seminal work. Qualitative applications of systems methodologies to the applied study of social systems. Application of action research to establish the use of systems concepts in problem-solving. Denzin, Norman K. 1994. “The Art and Politics of Interpretation.” Pages 500-515 in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H62 H2455 1994. From the premise that, “in the social sciences there is only interpretation,” Denzin describes how qualitative researchers facing the task of drawing conclusions from impressions, documents and field notes, can make sense of what has been learned. Fontana, Andrea, and James H. Frey. 1994. “Interviewing: The Art of Science.” Pages 361-376 in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H62 H2455 1994. Overview of key factors to consider when interviewing for qualitative research. Includes historical perspective, information on different interview practices, framing and interpreting interviews, and ethical considerations. Heron, John. 1989. The Facilitators’ Handbook. London: Kogan Page Ltd. 150 pp. McGill (EDUC): HM134 H46 1989. Fascinating “how to” guide. Detailed breakdown of process into six dimensions: planning, meaning, confronting, feeling, structuring, and valuing. Elaborate descriptions and analysis, aided by useful models and charts. Jick, Todd D. 1979. “Mixing Qualitative and Quantitative Methods: Triangulation in Action.” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 602-611. Exploration of the usefulness of combining different research methods in social science projects. Endorsement of triangulation as a confidence booster, big picture information generator, and stimulant to new method creation and creative analysis. McCracken, Grant. 1988. The Long Interview (Sage University Paper Series on Qualitative Research Methods, Vol. 13). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 88 pp. McGill (MCL): H61 M4815 1988. Booklet about qualitative interview methodology designed to access information within individuals’ “mental world” and “life world.” A how to guide, including, a four-step method of inquiry, and chapters on writing-up and managing qualitative research. Richardson, Laurel. 1994. “Writing: A Method of Inquiry.” Pages 516-529 in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H62 H2455 1994. Practical pointers on writing in contexts, practices, formats, and experimentation. Rist, Ray C. 1994. “Influencing the Policy Process With Qualitative Research.” Pages 545-557 in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H62 H2455 1994. Exploration of the lack of comprehensive methodologies for studying the impact of public policy as an aid to future policy, opportunities for new contributions, and the need for linkage building between qualitative researchers and policy makers. Steers, Richard M. 1975. “Problems in the Measurement of Organizational Effectiveness.” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 546-558. Review and comparison of 17 models of organizational effectiveness. Little consistency was found between the models. Problems which reduce effectiveness of models are discussed with suggestions for improvement. Action ResearchClark, Alfred W. (Ed.). 1976. Experimenting with Organizational Life. London: Plenum Press. 259 pp. McGill (MCL): H62 E94. Examination of the action research approach. Broad and detailed volume with the majority of contributions from the Tavistock Institute of Human Relations, in England. Much of the analysis is overly intellectualized and unnecessarily complex. Clark, Peter A. 1972. Action Research and Organizational Change. London: Harper & Row Ltd. 172 pp. McGill (MCL): HD38 C5X. Exploration of action research, distinguishing it from other varieties of research and outlining the roles it can play in facilitating organizational change. Cunningham, J. Barton. 1993. Action Research and Organizational Development. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. 274 pp. McGill (MCL): H62 C813 1993. Excellent and very complete overview of the whole process. Useful definitions, placement in context with other research practices, and historical summary. Systematic explanations through logical and easy to follow chapter progression: process and principles, research development and techniques, and carrying out and managing the process of change. French, Wendell L., and Cecil H. Bell, Jr. 1984. Organizational Development: Behavioral Science Interventions for Organizational Improvement (Third Edition). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 347 pp. McGill (HRossMG): HD58.8 F76 1984. Detailed exploration of the subject. Major theme: collaborative work within organizations can help develop the goals of an organization, while fostering the human values of the participating individuals. Useful chapter on action research (chapter 8). Goodman, Richard A., and Alfred W. Clark. 1976. “The Role of the Mediator in Action Research.” Pages 167-182 in Alfred W. Clark (Ed.), Experimenting with Organizational Life. London: Plenum Press McGill (MCL): H62 E94. Rather dry discussion of the subject matter. Basic message: the role of the mediator is critical in action research but it varies in importance from project to project and may vary within one specific projects as it progresses and its needs change. Heller , Frank A. 1976. “Group Feedback Analysis as a method of Action Research.” Pages 209-222 in Alfred W. Clark (Ed.), Experimenting with Organizational Life. London: Plenum Press. McGill (MCL): H62 E94. Overly technical description of an important method. Key point: a demand for change doesn’t necessarily mean that change is the best thing for a given situation. Facts, valid information, and exploration of alternatives are necessary; group feedback analysis is a good way to achieve this. Hopkins, David. 1987. “Enhancing Validity in Action Research.” Pages 12-41 in British Library Research Paper # 16, Collaborative Inquiry and Information Skills. London: British Library Cataloguing. McGill (MCL): LB1028 C56 1987. Useful and practical suggestions on the subject. Easy to follow description of six classes of validity and eight ways to enhance validity in action research. Rapoport, Robert, N. 1970. “Three Dilemmas in Action Research.” Human Relations, Vol. 23, No. 6, pp. 499-513. Important work. Contains often quoted definition of action research, and an excellent historical summary. The three characteristic dilemmas discussed are related to ethic, goals, and initiatives. Important discussion of the need for balance between rigor and relevance in resolving these issues. Seashore, Stanley E. 1976. “The Design of Action Research.” Pages 103-117 in Alfred W. Clark (Ed.), Experimenting with Organizational Life. London: Plenum Press. McGill (MCL): H62 E94. Examination of the incompadability between action and research, and ideas on how to reduce this through good research design. Overly theoretical. Susman, Gerald I., and Roger D. Evered. 1978. “An Assessment of the Scientific Merits of Action Research.” Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 582-603. Important work placing action research outside the realms of positivist science. Endorsement of action research as most effective means of generating knowledge in social situations, especially within organizations. Contains a good historical summary, useful figures, and an excellent table contrasting attributes of positivist science with those of action research. Trist, Eric L. 1976. “Action Research and Adaptive Planning.” Pages 223-236 in Alfred W. Clark (Ed.), Experimenting with Organizational Life. London: Plenum Press. McGill (MCL): H62 E94. Interesting chapter covering the need to develop the capability to adapt to complexity, interdependence, and uncertainty, which are all conditions that characterize the emerging world environment. This capability strengthening must occur simultaneously at the individual, organizational, and societal levels. Participatory Action
Research (PAR)Argyris, Chris, and Donald A. Schön. 1989. “Participatory Action Research and Action Science Compared.” American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 3 No. 5 (Action Research for the 21st Century: Participation, Reflection, and Practice, edited by William Foote Whyte), pp. 612-623. Unnecessary differentiation of very closely related approaches; in the authors’ words, “we see action science and PAR as members of the same action research family.” Contains good definition of PAR, though. Interesting section on the “dilemma of rigor or relevance” applied to finding the right balance and choosing the appropriate approach. Chambers, Robert, Arnold Perry, and Lori Ann Thrupp. (Eds.). 1989. Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. 218 pp. McGill (MAC): S494.5 I5F37 1989. Seminal work. Contributions from around the world, allowing for empowerment of farmers (including women) and a means for their voices to be heard. Many of the chapters arose from a 1987 interactive workshop (IDS), in England: “Farmers and Agricultural Research: Complementary Methods.” The major theme is the development of mutually supporting concepts, values, methods and actions, through the interaction of natural and social scientists and farmers. The main vehicle - participatory research. Dick, Bob. 1991. You Want to Do an Action Research Thesis? University of Queensland: Department of Psychology. Excellent and very useful guide on how to conduct and report action research. Concise, yet complete coverage of all issues of concern for someone considering initiating a PAR process. Includes handy annotated bibliography. Fals-Borda, Orlando, and Muhammad Anisur Rahman. (Eds.). 1991. Action and Knowledge: Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action Research. New York: The Apex Press. 182 pp. McGill (MCL): H62.5 D44A28 1991. Highly politicized volume emphasizing the role played by PAR in empowering minority peoples, with focus on the developing world. A theoretical framework is presented through philosophical discussion and personal reflection from the editors own experiences with PAR. Several case studies from the developing world are presented to further illustrate the relationship between PAR, knowledge generation, and personal and group empowerment. Fineman, Stephen. 1981. “Funding Research: Practices and Politics.” Pages 437-484 in Peter Reason and John Rowan (Eds.), Human Inquiry: a Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. Chilchester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. McGill (HRossMG): HM251 H794 1981. Useful chapter for all who wish to attempt getting funding for a project who’s epistemology does not meet the usual expectations. Six “encounters” serve as examples of some researchers’ experiences in this arena. Useful section on rejection (it describes the exact feelings that the author of this bibliography is currently experiencing). Gaventa, John. 1991. “Toward a Knowledge Democracy: Viewpoints on Participatory Research in North America.” Pages 121-131 in Orlando Fals-Borda and Muhammad Anisur Rahman (Eds.), Action and Knowledge: Breaking the Monopoly with Participatory Action Research. New York: The Apex Press. McGill (MCL): H62.5 D44A28 1991. Examination of how PAR aids in the reappropriation and development of knowledge and in fostering greater participation in the social production of knowledge. Heron, John. 1981 a. “Philosophical Basis for a New Paradigm.” Pages 19-36 in Peter Reason and John Rowan (Eds.), Human Inquiry: a Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. Chilchester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. McGill (HRossMG): HM251 H794 1981. Description of the need for further promotion of cooperative inquiry as a new paradigm of research. Arguments in support of this need from several angles: research behavior, intentionality, language, epistemology, axiology, and from a political and moral perspective. Heron, John. 1981 b. “Experiential Research Methodology.” Pages 153-166 in Peter Reason and John Rowan (Eds.), Human Inquiry: a Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. Chilchester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. McGill (HRossMG): HM251 H794 1981. Description of experiential reserach, where subjects contribute to the creative thinking of a project, and the researches participate as subjects in the activity under investigation. Models and tables help to illustate the text. Heron, John. 1988 a. “Validity in Co-operative Inquiry.” Pages 40-59 in Peter Reason (Ed.),Human Inquiry in Action: Developments in New Paradigm Research. London: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H61 H85 1988. Very clear and useful summary of validity issues. Logical systematic exploration of validity in co-operative inquiry, criteria for determining validity, procedures to enhance validity, and skills needed to apply these procedures. Heron, John. 1988 b. “Impressions of the Other Reality: a Co-operative Inquiry into Altered States of Consciousness.” Pages 182-198 in Peter Reason (Ed.),Human Inquiry in Action: Developments in New Paradigm Research. London: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H61 H85 1988. Fascinating exploration demanding PAR: the specifics of altered states of consciousness research cannot be determined from the regular state. First hand account of the experiences, rituals, and visions, that resulted from a 5 day workshop with 20 participants. Institute for Development Studies (IDS) Workshop. 1989 a. “Interactive Research.” Pages 100-105 in Robert Chambers, Arnold Perry and Lori Ann Thrupp (Eds.),Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. McGill (MAC): S494.5 I5F37 1989. Identification of two types of interactive research: interactions between researchers, and between researchers and farmers. Discussion of difficulties that commonly arise through interdisciplinary teams and practical suggestions on how to avoid, or at least, reduce conflict. Institute for Development Studies (IDS) Workshop. 1989 b. “Farmers Groups and Workshops.” Pages 122-126 in Robert Chambers, Arnold Perry and Lori Ann Thrupp (Eds.),Farmer First: Farmer Innovation and Agricultural Research. London: Intermediate Technology Publications. McGill (MAC): S494.5 I5F37 1989. Examination of different types of farmers groups, the functions they can perform, and how they can foster communication building, effective analysis by farmers, and farmer empowerment. Jackson, Ted. 1993. “A Way of Working: Participatory Research and the Aboriginal Movement in Canada.” Pages 47-64 in Peter Park, Mary Brydon-Miller, Budd Hall, and Ted Jackson (Eds.),Voices of Change: Participatory Research in the United States and Canada. Toronto: OISE Press (The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education). McGill (EDUC): H62.5 C22V6 1993. Good summary of over 20 years of the aboriginal movement’s use of PAR in Canada. Discussion of organization, collaboration, cleaves, common bonds, achievements and deficiencies. Lewin, Kurt. 1946. “Action Research and Minority Problems.” Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 2, No. 4, pp. 34-46. Seminal work. The first paper to coin the term “action research.” Interesting to note that all the fundamental ideas concerning PAR are expressed in this article. For example, Lewin describes the research process as being, “a spiral of steps, each of which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action.” Lewin, Kurt. 1948. Resolving Social Conflict. London: Souvenir Press (Educational & Academic) Ltd. 230 pp. McGill (MCL): HM251 L474 1973. Collection of selected papers on group dynamics by the “father” of PAR, including the seminal paper, “Action Research and Minority Problems.” Maguire, Patricia. 1987. Doing Participatory Research : a Feminist Approach. Amherst, Massachusetts: The Centre for International Education. 253 pp. McGill (MCL): H62.5 U5M33 1987. Seminal work. Excellent personal account of discovery through participatory research. Extremely well written; an illuminating read for anybody wishing to practice PAR. Great criticism of positivist science and useful figures illustrating contrasting paradigms. The author takes the reader through the whole process she engaged in and developed with women from battered families, which provides useful examples to follow. Maguire, Patricia. 1993. “Challenges, Contradictions, and Celebrations: Attempting Participatory Research as a Doctoral Student.” Pages 157-176 in Peter Park, Mary Brydon-Miller, Budd Hall, and Ted Jackson (Eds.),Voices of Change: Participatory Research in the United States and Canada. Toronto: OISE Press (The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education). McGill (EDUC): H62.5 C22V6 1993. Refection on her past research with battered women. Very personal introspection yielding valuable comments and advice for any graduate student considering using participatory approaches in their research. Merrifield, Juliet. 1993. “Putting Scientists in Their Place: Participatory Research in Environmental and Occupational Health.” Pages 65-84 in Peter Park, Mary Brydon-Miller, Budd Hall, and Ted Jackson (Eds.),Voices of Change: Participatory Research in the United States and Canada. Toronto: OISE Press (The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education). McGill (EDUC): H62.5 C22V6 1993. Important chapter criticizing the tendency of science to keep information in closed circles. Three examples are cited relating to information concerning toxic chemical in the environment and concerns for people’s health. Useful section on how to overcome “fake science” (science used to keep people ignorant and/or powerless) through participatory research, education, and cooperation between scientists and laypersons. Park, Peter. 1993. “What is Participatory research? A Theoretical and Methodological Perspective.” Pages 1-20 in Peter Park, Mary Brydon-Miller, Budd Hall, and Ted Jackson (Eds.),Voices of Change: Participatory Research in the United States and Canada. Toronto: OISE Press (The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education). McGill (EDUC): H62.5 C22V6 1993. Very good general overview of the subject. Summary of four knowledge types. Useful and concise walk through the research process. Uplifting conclusion about recovering popular knowledge, innovation, the will to be free, and saving the world through equitable participation and spiritual transformation. Park, Peter, Mary Brydon-Miller, Budd Hall, and Ted Jackson (Eds.). 1993. Voices of Change: Participatory Research in the United States and Canada. Toronto: OISE Press (The Ontario Institute for Studies in Education). 203 pp. McGill (EDUC): H62.5 C22V6 1993. First collection of essays on participatory research in Canada and the United States (about time!). Canadian publication (yay!). PAR is promoted through 4 theory chapters and 6 case study chapters which together offer alternative approaches to traditional science. Reason, Peter (Ed.). 1988. Human Inquiry in Action: Developments in New Paradigm Research. London: Sage Publications. 242 pp. McGill (MCL): H61 H85 1988. Follow up to 1981 volume with John Rowan; much of the information is repeated, although updated. Chapters on validity, psychodrama, and storytelling, as well as 6 varied case studies explore different aspects of co-operative inquiry. Reason concludes with reflections, comparisons, and string drawing between similarities of approaches. Reason, Peter. 1994. “Three Approaches to Participative Inquiry.” Pages 324-339 in Norman K. Denzin and Yvonna S. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H62 H2455 1994. Densely packed, well written, and easy to follow work. Much useful information on participative approaches, and excellent contrast with “orthodox” science. Three approaches covered: Co-operative Inquiry; Participatory Action Research (PAR); and Action Science. Reason, Peter (Ed.). 1994. Participation in Human Inquiry. London: Sage Publications. 220 pp. McGill (MCL): HM251 P34 1994. Third book on PAR (companion to Reason & Rowan 1981, and Reason 1988). Ideas related to PAR, new paradigm research, and co-operative inquiry (all synonyms, more or less) are evolved further. The book explores two questions: how does one practice research in a collaborative fashion, and how do we “articulate a worldview which fosters an experience of participation with each other and with our planet.” Half the chapters are penned by Reason himself (philosophical reflections on 20 years of experience), the other 6 chapters are written entirely by female contributors (with one male co-author), providing examples of PAR practice. Reason, Peter, and John Rowan (Eds.). 1981. Human Inquiry: a Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. Chilchester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. 530 pp. McGill (HRossMG): HM251 H794 1981. Seminal work. Exploration of “new paradigm research” in contrast to old paradigm research, where there are barriers between researcher and subjects. Notion of “objective subjectivity” is central to the new paradigm (which is virtually synonymous with PAR), as is the concept of researcher and subjects working togeteher as “co-researchers”. A lot of philosophical chapters, as well as many dealing with methodology. Fourteen varied case studies serve as examples of PAR in practice. Reason, Peter, and John Rowan. 1981. “Issues of Validity in New Paradigm research.” Pages 239-250 in Peter Reason and John Rowan (Eds.), Human Inquiry: a Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. Chilchester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. McGill (HRossMG): HM251 H794 1981. Overview of eight ways to enhance validity applicable to PAR. Useful contrast of validity testing in old and new paradigm research. Rowan, John. 1981. “A Dialectical Paradigm for Research.” Pages 93-112 in Peter Reason and John Rowan (Eds.), Human Inquiry: a Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. Chilchester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. McGill (HRossMG): HM251 H794 1981. Seminal work. Introduction of the research cycle model. Fitting of both old and new paradigm practices to the cycle with analysis of how each reflects interaction between researcher and subject and how they relate to alienation and social change. Rowan, John. 1995. “Transformational Research.” Collaborative Inquiry, No. 14, pp. 7-15. Fascinating work beginning with an exploration of personal development and intuition leading to an exposition of Rowan’s research cycle model (1981) and how different research practices follow it. Transformational research is presented as a model to aspire towards, where there is no distinction between researcher and subject. Major themes are summarized, with a conclusion that research can be exciting, inspirational, and lead to positive social change. Rowan, John, and Peter Reason. 1981. “On Making Sense.” Pages 113-137 in Peter Reason and John Rowan (Eds.), Human Inquiry: a Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. Chilchester, UK: John Wiley and Sons.McGill (HRossMG): HM251 H794 1981. Fascinating examination of how we think and the different levels of consciousness relating to the logic behind the inquiry process. Analysis of how we move from theory and ideas to encounters with subjects and back again. Many comparative tables supplement the psychological analysis. Southgate, John, and Rosemary Randall. 1981. “The Troubled Fish: Barriers to Dialogue.” Pages 53-61 in Peter Reason and John Rowan (Eds.), Human Inquiry: a Sourcebook of New Paradigm Research. Chilchester, UK: John Wiley and Sons. McGill (HRossMG): HM251 H794 1981. Very interesting chapter focusing on communication difficulties resulting from different perspectives and/or conflicting worldviews. Discussion of four different methodological approaches to solving these problems. Swantz, Marja-Liisa, and Arja Vainio-Mattila. 1988. “Participatory Inquiry As an Instrument of Grass-roots Development.” Pages 127-143 in Peter Reason (Ed.),Human Inquiry in Action: Developments in New Paradigm Research. London: Sage Publications. McGill (MCL): H61 H85 1988. Excellent chapter illustrating the potential of PAR to educate and inform local people. Starting from a concern for the people, PAR allows for a transition to concern of the people themselves. Following an example in Kenya, a horrific irrigation and resettlement scheme, PAR helped the local people to become informed; through extensive networking within and amongst villages, the needs of the people became better clarified and actions were taken by newly empowered locals to make those needs known. Walton, Richard E., and Michael E. Gaffney. 1989. “Research, Action, and Participation: The Merchant Shipping Case.” American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 3 No. 5 (Action Research for the 21st Century: Participation, Reflection, and Practice, edited by William Foote Whyte), pp. 582-611. Case study used to illustrate two cycles (research and action) and what is involved with each. Excellent chart (Figure 3, p. 607) illustrating how the steps of the research and action cycles can be integrated. Whyte, William Foote (Ed.). 1989. “Action Research for the Twenty-First Century: Participation, Action and Reflection.” American Behavioral Scientist, Vol. 3 No. 5. pp. 499-623. Important journal issue entirely devoted to PAR. Good introductory chapters by Whyte, followed by four case studies, rounded up by the contribution of Argyris and Schön (see earlier entry in this annotated bibliography). Whyte, William Foote. 1991. Social Theory for Action. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications. 301 pp. McGill (MCL): H62 W457 1991. Personal account of the applications of action research, by a practitioner with close to 50 years experience, to two very different fields: agriculture and industry. Deep criticism of traditional research practices. Useful chapter on “what ain’t so” in agricultural research and practices. Additional ReferencesFreire, Paulo. 1970. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Herder and Herder, New York, NY. 186 pp. Guba, Egon G. & Yvonna S. Lincoln. 1994 Competing Paradigms in Qualitative Research. In: Denzin, Norman & Yvonna Lincoln (Eds) Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Heron, John. 1996. Co-Operative Inquiry: Research into the Human Condition. Sage Publications, London, UK. 225 pp. Hill, Stuart B. 1997. “Teaching Overhead Notes”. Unpublished. Faculty of Social Inquiry: Social Ecology, University of Western Sydney - Hawkesbury, Richmond, NSW, Australia. 30 pp. Miles, Matthew B., and A. Michael Huberman. 1994. Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. 336 pp. Sarwer-Foner, Brian. 1998. Strategies Of Canadian Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations For Protecting Biodiversity : A Participatory Action Research Study, Masters Thesis, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research, McGill University, Montreal. 146 pp. AS42 M3 1998 S28 - Macdonald Library Scoones, Ian, and John Thompson (eds.). 1994. Beyond Farmer First: Rural People’s Knowledge, Agricultural Research and Extension Practice. Intermediate Technology Publications, London, UK. 301 pp. Selener, Daniel. 1997. Participatory Action Research and Social Change. Global Action Publications, Quito, Ecuador. 358 pp. Smith, Susan E., and Dennis G. Willms, with Nancy A. Johnson (eds.). 1997. Nurtured by Knowledge: Learning to do Participatory Action-Research. IDRC, Ottawa, ON and The Apex Press, New York, NY. 281 pp. HN29 N87 1997 McLennan Tandon, Rajesh. 1989. “Participatory Research and Social Transformation”. Convergence, 21 (2/3): 5-15. Wadsworth, Yolanda. 1991. Everyday Evaluation on the Run. Action Research Issues Assoc., Melbourne, Vic., Australia. 89 pp. Other TitlesFacilitating sustainable agriculture : participatory learning and adaptive management in times of environmental uncertainty / Cambridge, U.K ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1998. Macdonald Campus S494.5 S86F33 1998 Participatory research for sustainable livelihoods : a guidebook for field projects / Winnipeg : International Institute for Sustainable Development, c1996. Macdonald Campus HD77 P37 1996 Planting the future : developing an agriculture that sustains land and community Ames : Iowa State University Press, 1995. Macdonald Campus S441 P58 1995 Web SitesCornell http://www.parnet.org -- PAR NET http://www.parnet.org/parchives/ -- ONLINE ARCHIVE Queens http://educ.queensu.ca/~ar/ Guelph http://www.oac.uoguelph.ca/~pi/pdrc/r-pr.html Denver http://www.cudenver.edu/~mryder/itc/act_res.html UK - Bath http://www.bath.ac.uk/~edsajw/ http://www.bath.ac.uk/carpp/layguide.htm Australia http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/sawd/arr/arr-home.html http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/ari/arihome.html -- ONLINE JOURNAL |
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